Archaeology Collection
Archaeology is a general term for the study of antiquities. The precise application of the term has varied from time to time with the progress of knowledge, according to the character of the subjects investigated and the purpose for which they were studied.
At one time it was thought improper to use it in relation to any but the artistic remains of Greece and Rome, i.e. the so-called classical archaeology; but of late years it has commonly been accepted as including the whole range of ancient human activity, from the first traceable appearance of man on the earth to the middle ages.
It may thus be conceived how vast a field archaeology embraces, and how intimately it is connected with the sciences of geology and anthropology, while it naturally includes within its borders the consideration of all the civilizations of ancient times. In dealing with so vast a subject, it becomes necessary to distinguish. The archaeology of zoological species constitutes the sphere of palaeontology, while that of botanical species is dealt with as palaeobotany; and every different science thus has its archaeological side.
For practical purposes it is now convenient to separate the sphere of archaeology in its relation to the study of the purely artistic character of ancient remains, from that of the investigation of these remains as an instrument for arriving at conclusions as to the political and social history of the nations of antiquity; and in this work the former is regarded primarily as "art" and dealt with in the articles devoted to the history of art or the separate arts, while "archaeology" is particularly regarded as the study of the evidences for the history of mankind, whether or not the remains are themselves artistically and aesthetically valuable.
In this sense a knowledge of the archaeology is part of the materials from which every historical article in this encyclopaedia is constructed, and in recent years no subject has been more fertile in yielding information than "archaeology," as representing the work of trained excavators and students of antiquity in all parts of the world, but notably in the countries round the Mediterranean. It is for its services in illuminating the days before those of documentary history and for checking and reinforcing the evidence of the raw material (the "unwritten history" of architecture, tombs, art-products, &c.), that recent archaeological work has been so notable.
The work of the literary critic and historian has been amplified by the spade-work of the expert excavator and explorer to an extent undreamt of by former generations; and ancient remains, instead of being treated merely as interesting objects of art, have been forced to give up their secret to the historian, as evidence for the period, character and affiliations of the peoples who produced and used them. The increase of precise knowledge of the past, due to greater opportunities of topographical research, more care and observation in dealing with ancient remains and improved methods of studying them in museums and collections, has led to more accurate reading of results by a comparison of views, under the auspices of learned societies and institutions, thus raising archaeology from among the more empirical branches of learning into the region of the more exact sciences. This change has improved not only the status of archaeology but also its material, for the higher standard of work now demanded necessarily acts as a deterrent on the poorly equipped worker, and the tendency is for the general result to be of a higher quality.
References:
1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 2 pg. 344-354
Available Books
Book Title |
Date |
A Classical and Topographical Tour Through Greece Vol. 1
|
1819 |
A Classical and Topographical Tour Through Greece Vol. 2
|
1819 |
A Description of some Ancient Monuments in Lydia and Phyrgia
|
1842 |
A History of Art in Ancient Egypt Vol. 1
|
1883 |
A History of Art in Ancient Egypt Vol. 2
|
1883 |
A History of Art in Chaldaea & Assyria Vol. 1
|
1884 |
A History of Art in Chaldaea & Assyria Vol. 2
|
1884 |
A History of Egyptian Mummies
|
1834 |
A Journey from London to Persepolis
|
1865 |
A Pilgrimage to Egypt
|
1897 |
A Restoration of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
|
1909 |
A Select Collection of Views and Ruins in Rome
|
1815 |
A Study of Peruvian Textiles
|
1932 |
A Survey of Ancient Peruvian Art
|
1917 |
A Trip to Mexico
|
1880 |
A Winter in Upper and Lower Egypt
|
1863 |
Album des classischen Alterthums
|
1870 |
An Inquiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America
|
1839 |
Ancient Civilizations of the Andes
|
1931 |
Ancient Khotan Vol. 1
|
1907 |
Ancient Khotan Vol. 2
|
1907 |
Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior
|
1863 |
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
|
1848 |
Ancient Tombs of Palenque
|
1896 |
Antiquites Mexicaines
|
1844 |
Antiquities of Dacca
|
1823 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 1
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 2
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 3
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 4
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 5
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 6
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 7
|
1831 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 8
|
1848 |
Antiquities of Mexico Vol. 9
|
1848 |
Antiquities of the County of Meath
|
1833 |
Antiquities of the Orient Unveiled
|
1873 |
Antiquities of the Orient Unveiled
|
1875 |
Antiquities of the State of New York
|
1851 |
Archaeological Researches in Yucatan
|
1904 |
Archives de la Commission Scientifique du Mexique Vol. 1
|
1865 |
Archives de la Commission Scientifique du Mexique Vol. 2
|
1865 |
Archives de la Commission Scientifique du Mexique Vol. 3
|
1865 |
Atlantica Atland Eller Manheim
|
1702 |
Atlantis, die Urheimat der Arier
|
1922 |
Atlantis : the Antediluvian World
|
1882 |
Bactria, the History of a Forgotten Empire
|
1912 |
Beginnings or Glimpses of Vanished Civilizations
|
1911 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Atlas Vol. 1
|
1889 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Atlas Vol. 2
|
1889 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Atlas Vol. 3
|
1889 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Atlas Vol. 4
|
1889 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Vol. 1
|
1889 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Vol. 2
|
1889 |
Biologia Centrali-Americana Vol. 3
|
1889 |
Buried Herculaneum
|
1908 |
Byzantine Architecture
|
1864 |
Cave of Loltun, Yucatan
|
1879 |
Central American and West Indian Archaeology
|
1916 |
Cites et Ruines Americaines
|
1863 |
Coleccion de las Antiguedades Mexicanas
|
1827 |
Coleccion General de Laminas de los Antiguos Monumentos de Nueva Espana
|
1820 |
Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor Vol. 1
|
1839 |
Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor Vol. 2
|
1839 |
Cuzco: a Journey to the Ancient Capital of Peru
|
1856 |
Das Alte Wunderland der Pyramiden
|
1881 |
Das Wieder Erstehende Babylon
|
1913 |
Descripcion Historica y Cronologica de las dos Piedras
|
1792 |
Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City
|
1822 |
Drawings of Some Ruins and Colossal Statues at Thebes
|
1741 |
Drevnosti Rossiiskago Gosudarstva
|
1853 |
Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque Vol. 1
|
1881 |
Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque Vol. 2
|
1881 |
Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines Vol. 1
|
1862 |
Egyptian Sepulchres and Syrian Shrines Vol. 2
|
1862 |
El Signo Escalonado en las Ideografias Americanas
|
1913 |
Excavations at Carnac Vol. 1
|
1877 |
Excavations at Carnac Vol. 2
|
1881 |
Exploration Archeologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie Vol. 2
|
1862 |
Explorations in the Department of Peten
|
1911 |
Explorations of the Upper Usumatsintla and Adjacent Region
|
1908 |
Forged Egyptian Antiquities
|
1912 |
Guillermo Dupaix Papers
|
1804 |
Hindoo Excavations in the Mountain of Ellora
|
1803 |
Historical Researches on the Conquest of Peru, Mexico
|
1827 |
Historical Researches on the Wars and Sports of the Mongols and Romans
|
1826 |
History of Art in Persia
|
1892 |
History of Art in Phoenicia Vol. 1
|
1885 |
History of Art in Phoenicia Vol. 2
|
1885 |
History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia
|
1892 |
History of Art in Primitive Greece Vol. 1
|
1894 |
History of Art in Primitive Greece Vol. 2
|
1894 |
History of Art in Sardinia, Judaea, Syria, and Asia Minor Vol. 1
|
1890 |
History of Art in Sardinia, Judaea, Syria, and Asia Minor Vol. 2
|
1890 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 1
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 2
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 3
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 4
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 5
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 6
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 7
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 8
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 9
|
1900 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 10
|
1904 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 11
|
1904 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 12
|
1904 |
History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria Vol. 13
|
1904 |
History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene
|
1864 |
Huehuetlapallan, Amerika's Grosse Urstadt
|
1823 |
Ilios : The City and Country of the Trojans
|
1880 |
Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India [Atlas]
|
1865 |
Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India [Text]
|
1865 |
In the Wonderland of Peru
|
1913 |
Inca land : Explorations in the Highlands of Peru
|
1922 |
Incidents of Travel in Central America Vol. 1
|
1841 |
Incidents of Travel in Central America Vol. 2
|
1841 |
La Poblacion del Valle de Teotihuacan Vol 1
|
1922 |
La Poblacion del Valle de Teotihuacan Vol 2
|
1922 |
La Poblacion del Valle de Teotihuacan Vol 3
|
1922 |
L'antique Rome, ou, Description Historique et Pittoresque
|
1796 |
Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde
|
1883 |
Les Ruines de Balbec
|
1757 |
Les Ruines de Palmyre
|
1753 |
Les Ruines de Paris
|
1871 |
Manuscript 512
|
1754 |
Maya Architecture
|
1926 |
Memoir Descriptive of the Resources, Inhabitants, and Hydrography, of Sicily
|
1824 |
Meroe, the City of the Ethiopians
|
1911 |
Mexico To-Day
|
1883 |
Mitla. A Narrative of Incidents
|
1858 |
Monuments anciens du Mexique
|
1866 |
Mycenae : A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries
|
1878 |
Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries
|
1820 |
Nicaragua, its People, Scenery, Monuments Vol. 1
|
1852 |
Nicaragua, its People, Scenery, Monuments Vol. 2
|
1852 |
Ninive et l'Assyrie Vol. 1
|
1870 |
Ninive et l'Assyrie Vol. 2
|
1870 |
Ninive et l'Assyrie Vol. 3
|
1867 |
Observations on the Chalchihuitl of Mexico and Central America
|
1869 |
Observations on the Uses of the Mounds of the West
|
1847 |
Origin of the Red Men
|
1849 |
Paradise Found, the Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole
|
1885 |
Perou et Bolivie
|
1880 |
Persepolis : Die Achaemenidischen und Sasanidischen Vol. 1
|
1882 |
Persepolis : Die Achaemenidischen und Sasanidischen Vol. 2
|
1882 |
Persepolis Illustrata
|
1739 |
Peru; Incidents of Travel and Exploration
|
1877 |
Plates Illustrative of the Researches and Operations of G. Belzoni
|
1820 |
Pompei
|
1840 |
Pompeii, Painted and Described
|
1910 |
Prehistoric Ruins of Copan, Hondura
|
1896 |
Raccolta di Pitture Etrusche Vol. 1
|
1806 |
Raccolta di Pitture Etrusche Vol. 2
|
1806 |
Raccolta di Pitture Etrusche Vol. 3
|
1806 |
Ragnarok: the Age of Fire and Gravel
|
1883 |
Rambles in Yucatan
|
1843 |
Reise nach Abessinien, den Gala-Landern
|
1868 |
Reliquiae Britannico-Romanae Vol. 1
|
1813 |
Reliquiae Britannico-Romanae Vol. 2
|
1813 |
Reliquiae Britannico-Romanae Vol. 3
|
1813 |
Reliquiae Britannico-Romanae Vol. 4
|
1813 |
Report of the Committee Appointed to Translate the Rosetta Stone
|
1858 |
Researches in the Central Portion of the Usumatsintla Valley
|
1901 |
Researches into the Lost Histories of America
|
1884 |
Romano-British Mosaic Pavements
|
1886 |
Ruines du Mexique et Types Mexicains
|
1862 |
Ruins of Desert Cathay Vol. 1
|
1912 |
Ruins of Desert Cathay Vol. 2
|
1912 |
Ruins of Xkichmook, Yucatan
|
1898 |
Rvins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletia
|
1764 |
Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan
|
1904 |
Saracenic and Norman Remains
|
1840 |
Sculptured Stones of Scotland Vol. 1
|
1856 |
Sculptured Stones of Scotland Vol. 2
|
1857 |
Six Months Residence and Travels in Mexico
|
1824 |
Six New Plates Illustrative of the Researches and Operations
|
1822 |
Sketches Between the Persian Gulf and Black Sea
|
1852 |
Temple Ante-Diluvien dit des Geants
|
1830 |
The Ancient Cities of the New World
|
1885 |
The Antiquities, Natural History, Ruins, and Other Curiosities of Egypt
|
1780 |
The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel
|
1913 |
The Byzantine Empire
|
1910 |
The Chultunes of Labna, Yucatan
|
1897 |
The Dolmens of Ireland Vol. 1
|
1897 |
The Dolmens of Ireland Vol. 2
|
1897 |
The Dolmens of Ireland Vol. 3
|
1897 |
The Excavations at Babylon
|
1914 |
The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations
|
1901 |
The Goldsmith's Art in Ancient Mexico
|
1920 |
The Holy Land : Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia Vols. 1 & 2
|
1855 |
The Holy Land : Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia Vols. 3 & 4
|
1855 |
The Holy Land : Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia Vols. 5 & 6
|
1855 |
The Home of a Forgotten Race
|
1914 |
The Lost Atlantis, and Other Ethnographic Studies
|
1892 |
The Lost Lemuria
|
1904 |
The Mastodon Giganteus of North America
|
1852 |
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Restored
|
1862 |
The Migration of Symbols
|
1894 |
The Migrations of Early Culture
|
1915 |
The Necropolis of Ancon Vol. 1
|
1880 |
The Necropolis of Ancon Vol. 2
|
1880 |
The Necropolis of Ancon Vol. 3
|
1880 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 1
|
1921 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 2, Pt. 1
|
1928 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 2, Pt. 2
|
1928 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 3
|
1930 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 4, Pt. 1
|
1935 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 4, Pt. 2
|
1935 |
The Palace of Minos Vol. 5
|
1936 |
The Principal Ruins of Asia Minor
|
1865 |
The Ruined Abbeys of Britain Vol. 1
|
1882 |
The Ruined Abbeys of Britain Vol. 2
|
1882 |
The Ruins of Balbec
|
1757 |
The Ruins of Choqquequirau
|
1911 |
The Ruins of Gour
|
1817 |
The Ruins of Mandoo
|
1860 |
The Ruins of Paestum, otherwise Posidonia
|
1768 |
The Ruins of Palmyra
|
1753 |
The Ruins to be Found in New Mexico
|
1874 |
The Sea-Kings of Crete
|
1910 |
The Serpent Motive in the Ancient Art of Central America and Mexico
|
1905 |
The Serpent Symbol
|
1851 |
The Snake-Dance of the Moquis of Arizona
|
1884 |
The Story of Atlantis
|
1896 |
The Swastika, the Earliest Known Symbol, and its Migrations
|
1896 |
The Temple of the Andes
|
1884 |
The Tomb of Alexander
|
1805 |
Tihuanacu: The Cradle of American Man Vols. 1 & 2
|
1945 |
Tihuanacu: The Cradle of American Man Vols. 3 & 4
|
1957 |
Tiryns. The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings
|
1885 |
Travels in Egypt and Nubia Vol. 1
|
1757 |
Travels in Egypt and Nubia Vol. 2
|
1757 |
Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China Vol. 1
|
1864 |
Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China Vol. 2
|
1864 |
Troja : Results of the Latest Researches and Discoveries
|
1884 |
Troy and its Remains
|
1875 |
Turquois Work of Hawikuh, New Mexico
|
1921 |
Vanished Cities of Northern Africa
|
1900 |
Viaje Pintoresco y Arqueolojico de la Republica Mejicana
|
1840 |
Views and descriptions of Cyclopian, or, Pelasgic remains
|
1834 |
Views in Egypt
|
1801 |
Views in Greece
|
1821 |
Views in India, China, and on the Shores of the Red Sea
|
1835 |
Views in Palestine
|
1804 |
Views in the Ottoman Dominions
|
1810 |
Views in the Ottoman Empire
|
1803 |
Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America
|
1844 |
Views of Pompeii
|
1828 |
Views of the Remains of Ancient Buildings in Rome
|
1844 |
Vitcos, the Last Inca Capital
|
1912 |
Voyage a l'Oasis de Syouah
|
1823 |
Voyage a l'Oasis de Thebes
|
1821 |
Voyage a Meroe - Atlas
|
1823 |
Voyage a Meroe Vol. 1
|
1826 |
Voyage a Meroe Vol. 2
|
1826 |
Voyage a Meroe Vol. 3
|
1826 |
Voyage a Meroe Vol. 4
|
1826 |
Voyage dans le Levant
|
1819 |
Voyage de l'Arabie Pétrée
|
1830 |
Voyage d'Exploration en Indo-Chine [Atlas-Vol. 2]
|
1873 |
Voyage d'Exploration en Indo-Chine [Text-Vol. 1]
|
1873 |
Voyage d'Exploration en Indo-Chine [Text-Vol. 2]
|
1873 |
Voyage Pittoresque dans les Grands Deserts du Nouveau Monde
|
1862 |
Voyage Pittoresque et Archeologique dans la Province d'Yucatan
|
1838 |
Voyage Pittoresque et Archeologique du Mexique
|
1836 |
Vues des Cordilleres et Monumens de l'Amerique
|
1813 |
Vues et Descriptions de Constructions Cyclopeennes ou Pelasgiques
|
1834 |
Images
Maps
View All Topics